Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)

Description

What’s the World’s Favourite Species?

Vaquita fact file

• Description
• Biology
• Range
• Habitat
• Status
• Threats
• Conservation
• Find out more
• Glossary
• References
• Print factsheet

Vaquita description

Since the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) was believed to have become extinct in 2006 ⁽³⁾, the vaquita has taken on the unfortunate title as the most endangered cetacean in the world ⁽⁴⁾. It also has the distinction of being the smallest porpoise species ⁽²⁾, a group of marine mammals that differ from dolphins in their stockier, robust body, lack of an elongated beak, and their distinctively shaped teeth ⁽⁵⁾. The vaquita has a dark grey back and pale grey sides, blending into white on the underside, and there are highly conspicuous large black rings around its eyes and mouth. The fin on the back of its body, the dorsal fin, is proportionally taller than that of other porpoises and is roughly triangular, but curves slightly backwards ⁽⁶⁾.

Also known as

cochito, Gulf of California harbour porpoise, Gulf of California porpoise, Gulf porpoise.

French

Marsouin Du Golfe De Californie.

Size

Average male length: 134.9 cm ⁽²⁾

Average female length: 140.6 cm ⁽²⁾

Vaquita biology

The vaquita is an elusive marine mammal, which surfaces slowly, barely disturbing the water’s surface when it breathes and then quickly disappearing for long periods ⁽⁸⁾. Its cryptic behaviour and rarity may be the reasons why little is known about the biology of the vaquita, except that most vaquita births occur around March, gestation is believed to last around 10 to 11 months and one individual was estimated to have lived for 21 years ⁽²⁾.

Little is also known about the social organisation of this enigmatic species ⁽²⁾. While the vaquita is most often seen in schools of one to three individuals ⁽⁸⁾, groups as large as eight or ten have been seen, and these small schools may form large, loose aggregations for short periods ⁽²⁾.

The vaquita has a varied diet, comprising fish that live on or near the ocean bottom, squid and crustaceans. Like other cetaceans, the vaquita produces high-frequency clicks which are used in echolocation. This may be used to locate their prey, but several of the fish species it feeds on are known to produce sound and so it is possible that the vaquita locates them by following their sound, rather than by echolocating. In the murky waters of its habitat, echolocation may also be used to communicate with other vaquitas ⁽²⁾.

Vaquita range

Endemic to the upper Gulf of California, Mexico ^{(2) (7)}.

Vaquita habitat

The vaquita is most often sighted in water 11 to 50 metres deep, 11 to 25 kilometres from the coast, over silt and clay bottoms. Its habitat is characterised by turbid water with a high nutrient content ⁽²⁾.

Vaquita status

Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List ⁽¹⁾.

Vaquita threats

It was estimated in 2007 that only around 150 vaquita remained in the world ⁽⁴⁾; a number that is declining rapidly as the species is impacted by significant threats ⁽⁷⁾. The upper Gulf of California is not only home to this Critically Endangered species, it is also the site of intensive commercial and artisanal fishing ⁽⁷⁾. Vaquitas become entangled in the gill nets and trawl nets that are used in these activities, claiming the lives of an estimated 39 to 84 vaquitas each year ⁽²⁾. This is considered the principal threat to the vaquita’s survival ⁽⁷⁾.

The habitat of the vaquita has undoubtedly been changed by the damming of the Colorado River in the United States and the resulting loss of its flow into the Gulf of California; however, the Gulf remains incredibly productive and loss of river input is not believed to be an immediate threat to the vaquita ⁽⁹⁾.

Vaquita conservation

Time is quickly running out for the vaquita, with a group of scientists in 2007 stating that they believed there were only two years remaining in which to find a solution to saving this species ⁽⁴⁾. Some measures have already been implemented; the Mexican government created the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve in 1993 to protect the vaquita and other endangered species ⁽²⁾. In 2005, the Government also created a vaquita reserve, the area of which partially overlaps with the Biosphere Reserve ⁽¹⁰⁾. A ban on gillnet fishing is currently being enforced within the vaquita reserve, but gillnetting and shrimp trawling continues in the Biosphere Reserve and elsewhere within the range of vaquita ^{(10) (11)}. Whilst these are incredibly important steps in the battle to save the vaquita, if conservation efforts are not increased substantially the vaquita will become extinct ⁽⁷⁾.

The Mexican government created the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA): a group of scientists from the UK, Canada, US and Mexico ⁽²⁾. CIRVA recommends that the most critical measure for the conservation of the vaquita is to reduce by-catch to zero as soon as possible ⁽²⁾. This will need to be achieved by banning the use of all entangling fishing nets within the vaquitas range. Unfortunately, this is not an easy law to implement, as this will have a serious impact on the people whose livelihoods depend on fishing in the Gulf of California ^{(2) (4)}. Funds are urgently needed to buy out these net fisheries and to develop economic alternatives for those people affected ^{(4) (10)}. One can only hope that lessons are learnt from the tragic tale of the baiji and that necessary measures are implemented before the vaquita too is driven to extinction.

View information on this species at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Find out more

For further information on the vaquita and saving it from extinction see:

• ¡Viva Vaquita!
  http://arkive-admin/www.vivavaquita.org
• EDGE of Existence:
  http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=78

Authentication

Authenticated (10/11/08) by Dr Jay Barlow, Program Leader, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
http://swfsc.noaa.gov/prd.aspx

Glossary

By-catch

In the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non-target species.

Cetacean

Cetaceans are a group comprising all whale species, therefore including dolphins and porpoises.

Crustaceans

Diverse group of arthropods (a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles.

Echolocation

Detecting objects by reflected sound. Used by bats and odontocete cetaceans (toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises) for orientation and to detect and locate prey.

Endemic

A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.

Gestation

The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.

References

1. IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org
2. Rojas-Bracho, L. and Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. (2002) Vaquita. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. (Eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London.
3. Turvey, S.T., Pitman, R.L., Taylor, B.L., Barlow, J., Akamatsu, T., Barrett, L.A., Zhao, X., Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Wang, K., Wei, Z., Zhang, X., Pusser, L.T., Richlen, M., Brandon, J.R. and Wang, D. (2007) First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?. Biology Letters, 3: 537 - 540.
4. Jaramillo-Legorreta, A., Rojas-Bracho, L., Brownell Jr, R.L., Read, A.J., Reeves, R.R., Ralls, K. and Taylor, B.L. (2007) Saving the vaquita: immediate action, not more data. Conservation Biology, 21(6): 1653 - 1655.
5. Read, A.J. (2002) Porpoises, Overview. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. (Eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London.
6. Brownell Jr., R.L., Findley, L.T., Vidal, O., Robles, A. and Manzanilla, S.N. (1987) External morphology and pigmentation of the vaquita Phocoena sinus (Cetacea: Mammalia). Marine Mammal Science, 3(1): 22 - 30.
7. Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E.A. and Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (2003) Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
8. Culik, B.M. (2004) Review of Small Cetaceans. Distribution, Behaviour, Migration and Threats. UNEP / CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.
9. Rojas-Bracho, L. and Taylor, B.L. (1999) Risk factors affecting the vaquita. Marine Mammal Science, 15(4): 974 - 989.
10. Rojas-Bracho, L., Reeves, R.R. and Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. (2006) Conservation of the vaquita Phocoena sinus. Mammal Review, 36(3): 179 - 216.
11. Barlow, J. (2008) Pers. comm.