Tawny eagle (Aquila rapax)

French:	Aigle ravisseur

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata
Class	Aves
Order	Falconiformes
Family	Accipitridae
Genus	Aquila (1)
Size	Length: 65 – 75 cm (2)

Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).

Common and widespread, the tawny eagle is a relatively large, handsome bird of prey, with heavily feathered legs (4) (5). The plumage is generally tawny to rusty brown in colour, often with dark markings on the wings, especially the flight-feathers (2) (4). Three subspecies are currently recognised, which occupy different geographical regions, and vary slightly in size, markings and colouration (2). During its first year, the immature tawny eagle’s plumage is much paler than the adults, often whitish, especially on the underparts (2) (4).

There are two African tawny eagle subspecies, Aquila rapax rapax, which can be found throughout southern Africa, as well as south-eastern parts of Central Africa, and Aquila rapax belisarius, which is found in Morocco, Algeria, much of tropical Africa between the Sahara and the equator, and also southern Arabia. In Asia, the subspecies Aquila rapax vindhiana occupies much of India, Pakistan and southern Nepal as well as parts of Myanmar and Vietnam (1) (2).

Throughout its wide range the tawny eagle may be found in a variety of habitats, but principally open savanna and arid steppe. It is absent from forests and areas of true desert (2).

The tawny eagle is most frequently seen soaring high in the air or perched at the top of a tree, scanning the ground for prey (6). A formidable hunter, the tawny eagle will tackle mammals as large as hares, as well as sizeable birds and lizards, which it catches by making a rapid dive from its perch or during flight, seizing the animal in its powerful talons. When available, this species will also exploit a variety of other food sources such as carrion, insects, amphibians and fish, and frequently steals food from other birds, such as storks, raptors and ground-hornbills (2).

The tawny eagle’s breeding season varies according to location, but most commonly occurs in the dry season (2). Courtship consists of aerial displays, during which this normally silent species makes a series of noisy croaks and grunts (7). After mating, a large, flat nest is constructed from sticks lined with grass and leaves, usually at the top of a thorny tree or very occasionally on a power pylon (2) (6). A clutch of two eggs is laid, which hatch after around 39 to 44 days. During the early stages of the 77 to 84 day fledging period, while the chicks are still small, the eldest chick may kill the younger sibling (2) (8). A single nest may be used repeatedly for many years, so long as the crown of the tree remains unaltered (8). Tawny eagles have a relatively long lifespan, reaching up to 16 years (5).

The tawny eagle’s habit of scavenging for carrion makes it vulnerable to ingesting meat from deliberately poisoned carcasses, which farmers leave as bait to kill predators such as jackals and caracals that prey on their livestock (2) (9). Despite these losses, this species is currently so widespread and common that it not considered to be particularly at risk (1).

There are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the tawny eagle (1). Throughout its extensive range this species can be found in a number of protected areas, including several large national parks such as Kruger National Park in South Africa (2).

To learn more about bird of prey conservation visit:

• The Peregrine Fund:
  www.peregrinefund.org

For more information on this and other bird species please see:

• BirdLife International:
  http://www.birdlife.org

Authenticated (09/02/2009) by Peter Steyn, Ornithologist, Writer and Photographer.

• Amphibians: cold-blooded vertebrates of the class Amphibia, such as frogs or salamanders, which characteristically hatch as aquatic larvae with gills. The larvae then transform into adults with air-breathing lungs.
• Carrion: the flesh of a dead animal.
• Flight-feathers: the feathers at the end of the wing, involved in flight.
• Steppe: natural grassland with low rainfall. In Africa this lies in the transition zone between savannah and severe desert.
• Subspecies: a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.

1. IUCN Red List (June, 2008)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org
2. Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume Two: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
3. CITES (June, 2008)
   http://www.cites.org
4. Sinclair, I. and Davidson, I. (2006) Southern African Birds: A Photographic Guide. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
5. Wichmann, M.C., Dean, W.R.J. and Jeltsch, F. (2004) Global change challenges the Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax): modelling extinction risk with respect to predicted climate and land use changes. The Ostrich, 75: 204 - 210.
6. Whistler, H. (1928) Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney & Jackson, London..
7. Sinclair, I. (1994) Ian Sinclair's Field Guide to the Birds of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
8. Steyn, P. (1982) Birds of Prey of Southern Africa - their identification and life histories. David Philip, Cape Town.
9. The Department of Botany and Conservation – UWC (January, 2009)
   http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envFacts/facts/farming.htm