Apollo butterfly  (Parnassius apollo)

Species information

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Authentication

Authenticated (11/04/08) by Dr Marianne Fred, Post-Doctoral Researcher, Coastal Research Unit, Aronia/Åbo Akademi.
http://www.sydvast.fi/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=939&Itemid=823

Glossary

Cocoon: A sheath of silk, which is spun around the pupae of some insects (a pupa is a stage in an insect's development, when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis).
Fennoscandia: A geographic term used to describe the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia and Finland.
Larvae: Stage in an animal's lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.
Metamorphosis: An abrupt physical change from the larval to the adult form.
Pupate: The process of forming a pupa, the stage in an insect's development, when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis.
Subspecies: A different race of a species, which is geographically separated from other populations of that species.

References

  1. IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
    http://www.iucnredlist.org
  2. Still, J. (1996) Butterflies and Moths of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.
  3. CITES (April, 2003)
    http://www.cites.org
  4. Carter, D. (2000) Butterflies and Moths. Dorling Kindersley, London.
  5. Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  6. Fred, M. (2008) Pers. Comm.
  7. Smart, P. (1975) The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd, London.
  8. Fred, M.S., O'Hara, R.B. and Brommer, J.E. (2006) Consequences of the spatial configuration of resources for the distribution and dynamics of the endangered Parnassius apollo butterfly. Biological Conservation, 130: 183 - 192.
  9. Witkowsky, Z., Budzik, J. and Kosior, A. (1994) Restoration of the Apollo butterfly in Pieniny National Park. Green Brigades, Ecologists Paper, 2 (13): 23.
  10. Dolek, M. and Geyer, A. (2002) Conserving biodiversity on calcareous grasslands in the Franconian Jura by grazing: a comprehensive approach. Biological Conservation, 104: 351 - 360.