Gulf torpedo (Torpedo sinuspersici)
Facts
| Also known as: | Red Sea electric ray and marbled electric ray |
|---|
| Kingdom | Animalia |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Chondrichthyes |
| Order | Torpediniformes |
| Family | Torpedinidae |
| Genus | Torpedo (1) |
| Size |
Disc width: 130 cm (2) |
Status
Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
Description
The Gulf torpedo is an electric ray with a flattened disc-shaped body well suited to its ocean bottom habitat. It is beautifully decorated with cream or golden circles and irregular marks against a dark red or blackish-brown background (3) (4). The pectoral fins are greatly expanded and fused with the head and trunk, forming the large oval disc, and its shark-like tail is short and stout (4). Two large kidney-shaped electric organs are situated on either side of the head (2), and are visible through the skin as a pattern of hexagonal markings (4). These fascinating organs can deliver dangerous electric shocks to stun the fishes on which it feeds (2). The gulf torpedo has tiny eyes, smaller than the spiracles which are also situated on top of the head. These small, paired openings allow the torpedo to take in water to breathe when resting on the ocean floor (5).
Range
Occurs from the coast of India, to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, south to Madagascar and South Africa (1).
Habitat
The Gulf torpedo is common in shallow, sandy areas, from the intertidal zone down to depths of 200 metres (2)
Biology
The Gulf torpedo is a slow-swimming fish that (6), unlike many skates and rays, does not propel itself with wave-like undulations of the pectoral fins, but swims by shark-like movements of the tail fin (5). Resting frequently upon the muddy or sandy floor of its ocean habitat, it feeds on fish and invertebrates that are found there. The Gulf torpedo uses its electric shock organs to stun its chosen victim, and then uses its flexible pectoral fins to guide the prey into its mouth. The jaws and mouth of the gulf torpedo can be opened incredibly wide to allow them to swallow very large prey (6). The torpedo's electric organs are also an effective means of defence against potential predators, such as sharks and octopuses (6).
Threats
Conservation
It is possible that the gulf torpedo may in fact be a group of many species, each with a much more restricted distribution (1), and therefore a greater vulnerability to the threats of by-catch and habitat degradation. It is important to research this issue further, along with efforts to monitor its capture in fisheries to determine the extent to which it may be threatened (1).
| The Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) is a principal sponsor of ARKive. EAD is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. |  |
Further Information
For further information on torpedos see:
- ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research:
www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm
Authentication
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
arkive@wildscreen.org.uk
By-catch: In the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non-target species.
Intertidal: Pertaining to the intertidal zone, the region between the high tide mark and low tide mark.
Invertebrates: Animals with no backbone.
Pectoral fins: In fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. They are generally used for balancing and braking.
References
- IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
http://www.iucnredlist.org - Lieske, E. and Myers, R. (2001) Coral Reef Fishes: Indo-Pacific and Caribbean. HarperCollins Publishers, London.
- Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Smale, M.J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. New Holland Ltd, London.
- Bonfil, R. and Abdallah, M. (2004) Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
- ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research (October, 2007)
http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/d_bully.htm - Compagno, L.G.V. and Last, P.R. (1999) Torpedinidae: Torpedos. In: Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. Eds. The living marine resources of theWestern Central Pacific. Vol. 3: Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. Part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
