Pedunculate oak  (Quercus robur)

Coppicing: traditional form of woodland management in which trees are cut close to the base of the trunk. Re-growth occurs in the form of many thin poles. Woodlands are cut in this way on rotation, producing a mosaic of different stages of re-growth.
Deciduous: a plant that sheds its leaves at the end of the growing season.
Galls: abnormal growths in plants, caused by disease, fungi, bacteria, or by attack by invertebrates.

1. National Biodiversity Network Species Dictionary (Feb 2003):
   http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nbn
   
2. Humphries. C.J., Press, J.R. & Sutton, D.A. (2000) Hamlyn guide to trees of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn, London.
   
3. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002). The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   
4. Mabey, R. (1996) Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson, London.
   
5. Godet, J. (1986) Collins photographic guide to the trees of Britain and northern Europe- a guide to identification by leaves and needles. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, London.
   
6. Press, B. (1996) Collins Wild Guide: Trees. Harper Collins Publishers, London.
   
7. UK BAP. Oak polypore Species Action Plan (March 2003):
   http://www.ukbap.org.uk
   
8. UK BAP. Upland oak woodland Habitat Action Plan (March 2003):
   http://www.ukbap.org.uk