Pine marten  (Martes martes)

This elusive, generally nocturnal species (3) has chestnut-brown to dark brown fur with a creamy-yellow bib. The tail is long and fluffy (2).

Found throughout most of central and northern Europe (4). In the UK it is restricted to the Scottish Highlands and Grampian, and a few populations occur in southern Scotland. The pine marten is extinct throughout most of England and Wales (2) with a few scattered records in the north and in Wales (5).

This species prefers well-wooded areas. They often make their dens in hollow trees or on scrub covered cliffs (2).

Pine martens are mainly active at night and dusk (5). They have a broad diet that varies throughout the year depending on the availability of certain food types. Small rodents, birds, beetles, carrion and eggs are all taken, and berries are very important in the autumn (2). They are adept climbers, but tend to hunt on the ground.

Pine martens are territorial, and mark their range with faeces (scats) deposited in prominent locations (2). Mating occurs between July and August, however implantation of the fertilised egg is delayed and the young are produced in early spring of the next year (6). One to five deaf, blind, helpless young are produced (2)(4); they begin to emerge from the den by the middle of June (2) and will be fully independent around 6 months after their birth (7).

Pine martens were once found throughout most of Britain. Habitat loss leading to fragmentation, persecution by gamekeepers to protect game species and hunting for fur have all contributed to the decline of the species (2). Current threats include human disturbance and illegal poisoning intended to kill foxes and crows, and shooting due to martens attacking hens or being mistaken for mink (2).

Pine martens and their dens are afforded full protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 and the Environmental Protection Act, 1990 (7). Conservation management in areas where the pine marten persists may help the species. Potential measures include planting corridors of trees between patches of suitable habitat, and providing cover for shelter (2).Reintroductions to England have been proposed, but feasibility studies, funding and more precise details of the requirements of this species are required before any reintroductions occur (2)(5).

The Mammal Society:
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mammal/index.shtml

The Vincent Wildlife Trust:
http://www.vwt.org.uk/index.php

Information authenticated by Dr Pat Morris.