Spear thistle  (Cirsium vulgare)

Species information

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Authentication

This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
arkive@wildscreen.org.uk

Glossary

Neolithic: a cultural period of the Stone Age, which began around 10,000 B.C. The Neolithic is characterized by the making of polished stone tools and the development of agriculture.
Perennial: plants that live for at least three seasons; after an initial period they produce flowers once a year.
Tap-root: a large central root.

References

  1. National Biodiversity Network Species Dictionary (Feb 2003):
    http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nbn
  2. Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M. (1987) Flora of the British Isles. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  3. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002) The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  4. DEFRA. Spear thistle (Feb 2003):
    http://www.defra.gov.uk/environ/weedsact/spearths.pdf
  5. Mabey, R. (1996) Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson, London.
  6. Press, B. & Gibbons, B (1993) Photographic field guide to wild flowers of Britain and Europe. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd, London.