Snow bunting  (Plectrophenax nivalis)

Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). Receives special protection under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, listed under Appendix II of the Berne Convention (3) and the EC Birds Directive (4). Classified as a species of conservation concern by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, although not a priority species (3). Included in the Birds of Conservation Concern Amber List (medium conservation concern) (5).

Snow buntings are known locally as 'snowflakes', and the specific part of the scientific name nivalis means 'snowy' (6). They certainly live up to these names; in summer, males are almost entirely white underneath with a black back, and females have greyish streaks on the crown, cheeks and breast. Juveniles are generally grey rather than white. In winter, both sexes take on a more 'rusty' plumage, but males have more prominent white patches on the wings than females (2). Calls include a rippling 'per'r'r'rit' and a twittering song is also produced (2).

Breeds in Iceland, arctic parts of the former Soviet Union, Fenno-Scandia and in small numbers in the mountains of Scotland (4). It is also found in arctic Canada and Alaska (7). It is a winter visitor to other parts of the British Isles, particularly the east coast (7), as well as eastern, southern and central Europe, Asia and northern parts of the USA (4).

Breeds in the boulder zone of mountains. Over-winters in Britain along seashores, on moors, and coastal pasture (2), with an apparent preference for sandy shores (8).

This active species feeds on insects, other invertebrates such as sand hoppers, as well as seeds and buds (8) (4). It picks seeds from the ground or from low vegetation (8).

The nest, which is usually well concealed in a hole or under boulders comprises of a cup of moss and grasses, lined with feathers (4). There are often two broods per year, each clutch containing four to six eggs, which are laid between May and late July (4). By July or August the young will have fledged (4). Large flocks may form in winter (2) numbering several hundred birds at particularly good sites (8).

The main threat to breeding birds in Scotland is disturbance by humans, but it is thought that climatic factors may be a serious threat in the long-term, as the effects of global warming become more pronounced (7). In Scotland, the breeding areas of this bird are increasingly being invaded by tourists and walkers, which may disturb nesting (4).

The precise sites of nesting in Scotland are not publicised in order to minimise the potential threat from over-keen bird watchers and from egg collectors (4). The most important nesting sites should be safeguarded against developments such as ski-lifts, which increase easy access (4).

For more information on British birds see:

• The RSPB website:
  www.rspb.org.uk

Authenticated by the RSPB (2003).
http://www.rspb.org.uk/

• Invertebrates: animals with no backbone.

1. IUCN Red List (February, 2008)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org
2. Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterstrom, D. and and Grant, P.J. (1999) Collins Bird Guide.HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, London.
3. The Environment Agency. (1998) Species and Habitats Handbook.The Environment Agency, Bristol.
4. Batten, L.A., Bibby, C.J., Clement, P., Elliot, G.D. and Porter, R.F. (1990) Red Data Birds in Britain.T & A Poyser, London.
5. BTO The population status of birds in the UK (February, 2008)
   http://www.bto.org/psob/index.htm#population
6. Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid (July, 2002)
   http://www.nd.edu/~archives/latgramm.htm
7. RSPB. (2003) Pers. comm.
8. Lack, P. (1986) The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland.T. & A. D. Poyser Ltd, Calton.