Slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum barbatum)

Description

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Slipper orchid fact file

• Description
• Biology
• Range
• Habitat
• Status
• Threats
• Conservation
• Find out more
• Glossary
• References
• Print factsheet

Slipper orchid description

The scientific name of this particularly handsome orchid is very appropriate; pedilon is the Greek word for slipper and Paphos is a town in Cyprus, the favourite island of Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty ⁽³⁾. ‘Slipper’ refers to one of the petals, called the lip, which forms a shoe-like structure that is deep purple at the tip, turning paler towards the base ⁽²⁾. The other petals of the flowers are greenish-white, blending into purple veins towards the edge, and the margins bear small hairs and small, blackish warts ⁽²⁾. The pointed, green, mottled leaves of Paphiopedilum barbatum measure 10 to 15 centimetres in length ^{(2) (3)}, and each stem bears just one or occasionally two flowers ⁽²⁾.

Size

Stem height: up to 35 cm ⁽²⁾

Slipper orchid biology

The colour, patterns and structure of Paphiopedilum barbatum flowers, which appear in spring ⁽²⁾, have all evolved to attract insect pollinators ^{(3) (4)}. An insect, lured to the attractive flower, will be guided by the colourful markings and ridges to the shoe-like lip ⁽³⁾. The inside walls of the lip are slippery and so the only way out for the insect is via a ladder of hairs that takes the insect past the stigma where pollen is deposited ^{(3) (4)}.

After pollination, the petals fade, the stigma closes up, and the ovary begins to swell. The ovary gradually develops into a green pod that turns yellow as it matures. When mature, the pod bursts open to release powdery, almost microscopic seeds that are so light they can be carried on air currents for hundreds of kilometres ⁽³⁾.

Wherever the tiny seeds lands, they will only germinate if a certain fungus is present. The thread-like strands (or hyphae) that make up the fungus penetrate the orchid seed, and the seed then begins to digest the hyphae, thus gaining the nutrients required for growth ⁽⁵⁾.

Slipper orchid range

Paphiopedilum barbatum occurs on Mount Ophir in Sumatra, where it was first discovered ⁽³⁾, and in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia ⁽²⁾.

Slipper orchid habitat

Paphiopedilum barbatum grows in granite rock crevices containing moss and decaying leaves, in shaded valleys at elevations around 1,000 metres. It inhabits areas where plentiful rainfall and high humidity ensure that the roots are always moist ⁽²⁾.

Slipper orchid status

Paphiopedilum barbatum is listed on Appendix I of CITES ⁽¹⁾.

Slipper orchid threats

The stunning flowers and the relative rarity of slipper orchids make them highly attractive to orchid collectors and growers ⁽⁶⁾. While trade in wild Paphiopedilum barbatum is now prohibited, illegal collection and trade remain a potential threat ⁽⁶⁾. Due to their specific habitat requirements and dependence on a specific fungus, slipper orchids are also very vulnerable to any disturbance or modification of their habitat ⁽⁵⁾, although it is not known whether the habitat of Paphiopedilum barbatum is specifically threatened at present.

Slipper orchid conservation

All Paphiopedilum species are listed on Appendix I of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). This listing prohibits the trade in wild-collected plants, but allows trade in artificially propagated plants ⁽⁶⁾. Paphiopedilum barbatum is perhaps the most common Paphiopedilum species cultivated in thelowlands of Malaysia and Singapore, and it has also been extensively cultivated in Europe ⁽³⁾. Such cultivation should hopefully reduce pressure on this striking orchid in the wild.

Find out more

For further information on the conservation of orchids see:

• Orchid Conservation International:
  www.orchidconservation.org
• Orchid Conservation Coalition:
  www.orchidconservationcoalition.org

Authentication

Glossary

Endemic

A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.

Ovary

The part of the flower that produces the ovules. When fertilised, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary becomes a protective fruit around the seed.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the stamen (male part of a flower) to the stigma (female part of a flower) of a flowering plant. This usually leads to fertilisation, the development of seeds and, eventually, a new plant.

Stigma

The receptive part of the female reproductive organ of a flower. Pollen germinates on the stigma.

References

1. CITES (June, 2007)
   http://www.cites.org
2. Bennett, K.S. (1984) The Tropical Asiatic Slipper Orchids. Angus and Robertson Publishers, London.
3. Soon, T.E. (2005) Orchids of Asia. Times Editions Marshall Cavendish, Singapore.
4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (May, 2008)
   http://www.kew.org/scihort/orchids/index.html
5. Cribb, P. (1989) The exclusive life of the slipper orchid. New Scientist, 122(1670): 50 - .
6. McGough, H.N., Roberts, D.L., Brodie, C. and Kowalczyk, J. (2006) CITES and Slipper Prchids: An Introduction to Slipper Orchids Covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.