Purple emperor  (Apatura iris)

The decline of this butterfly is thought to have been caused by the widespread and large-scale loss and fragmentation of ancient woodland (2). At present, the species is vulnerable as a result of the small size and increasing isolation of remaining habitat; this isolation also reduces the likelihood of the successful natural recovery of the species, as dispersal is restricted. Even where suitable habitat exists, the relatively short life span of the willows on which the caterpillars depend, means that a continuous supply of willows may not persist. Unsuitable management may also remove willows, and the presence of deer can prevent their regeneration (2).

Butterfly Conservation has produced a Species Action Plan to co-ordinate conservation efforts to conserve the purple emperor (2). In a number of key sites the species is benefiting from active targeted conservation (5), but a major change in forestry management is needed if this magnificent butterfly is to recover (5).