Pedunculate oak  (Quercus robur)

Upland oak woodlands have declined by 30-40% over the last 60 years as a result of re-planting with conifers, conversion to grazing land, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and unsuitable management (7). The decline in the ancient technique of coppicing has resulted in oak woodlands becoming more shaded; acorns do not germinate as well in these conditions. Many oak forests have a skewed age structure, as young trees are not able to regenerate (4). This may cause problems for many of the rare species that are dependent on ancient oaks; as the old trees die there will not be trees in the vicinity of a suitable age, so entire communities are at risk (8).

Upland oak woodland is a priority habitat under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). An action plan has been produced to guide the conservation of this habitat (7). Not only is the English oak of important cultural significance, it is a beautiful, majestic species. Furthermore, the communities of plants, animals and fungi that are associated with oak trees are often unique, and internationally significant. Conserving this 'king of trees' is therefore of utmost importance.