Humboldt penguin  (Spheniscus humboldti)

By-catch: In the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non-target species.
El Niño: A natural phenomenon that happens every 4 to 12 years, and lasts for several months, when upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water does not occur. This causes the warming of ocean surface water off the western coast of South America and causes die-offs of plankton and fish. It also affects Pacific jet stream winds, altering storm tracks and creating unusual weather patterns in various parts of the world.
Guano: Accumulated droppings found where large colonies of animals such as seals, bats or birds occur; it is rich in plant nutrients.
Monogamous: Having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair.
Vagrant: Found occasionally outside normal range.

1. IUCN Red List (May, 2009)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org
   
2. Statterfield, A.J. and Capper, D.R. (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona and Birdlife International, Cambridge.
   
3. International Penguin Conservation Work Group (April, 2004)
   http://www.penguins.cl/humboldt-penguins.htm
   
4. CITES (April, 2004)
   http://www.cites.org
   
5. Convention on Migratory Species (February, 2008)
   http://www.cms.int/
   
6. Sparks, J. and Soper, T. (1968) Penguins. David and Charles, Newton Abbott.
   
7. Report on the status and conservation of the Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2003)
   http://www.cms.int/bodies/ScC/12th_scientific_council/pdf/English/Doc_05_Attach5_HumboldtPenguin_E.pdf