Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle (Polposipus herculeanus)

Description

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Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle fact file

• Description
• Biology
• Range
• Habitat
• Status
• Threats
• Conservation
• Find out more
• Glossary
• References
• Print factsheet

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle description

This remarkable beetle is the largest tenebrionid beetle in the world, and also one of the most endangered, being found only on the small Seychelles island of Frégate ⁽³⁾. Dark brown in colour, this flightless beetle has long legs and a large, rounded abdomen covered with small, raised tubercles ^{(2) (4)}. Defensive glands produce a chemical secreted from the rear of the beetle, which has a musky smell and stains the skin purple ⁽⁴⁾.

Also known as

Frégate beetle, Frégate Island beetle, giant Frégate beetle, giant tenebrionid beetle, Seychelles Frégate beetle.

Size

Length: 25 – 30 mm ⁽²⁾

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle biology

This nocturnal beetle lives in large groups that often cluster tightly together in the cracks and crevices that form its daytime hiding places. Due to its large size and inability to fly, the Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle cannot travel very far, so normally remains around a small area. The furthest an individual has been recorded to travel is 19 metres, although many appear to stay on a single tree ⁽⁴⁾.

The life span in the wild is unknown, but two individuals collected as adults of unknown age survived over seven years in captivity. However, the average life span in captivity is only about half this ⁽⁴⁾.

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle range

Confined to the small Seychelles island of Frégate ⁽³⁾.

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle habitat

This arboreal species lives on trees and decaying logs, usually hiding in crevices and under flaking bark during the day, and coming out to feed at night ⁽⁴⁾. Large trees with flaky bark, fissures, cracks and crevices are preferred for the refuges they provide to hide from predators ⁽⁴⁾, and the Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle is particularly associated with the sangdragon tree (Pterocarpus indicus) ⁽²⁾.

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle status

Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List ⁽¹⁾.

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle threats

Since the relatively recent human colonisation of Frégate Island, habitat destruction has been extensive. However, the beetles remained abundant on the island and also survived the invasion by introduced predators (brown rats) ⁽⁵⁾. A fungal disease affecting the sangdragon trees, on which this beetle relies, may represent a threat to the species ^{(3) (5)}. Indeed, being restricted to just a single small island leaves the Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle particularly vulnerable to the effects of introduced alien species or disease, as well as to natural disasters or extreme environmental events, such as typhoons ^{(5) (6)}.

Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle conservation

In 2001, a successful rat eradication programme on Frégate was undertaken, removing this potential predator and threat ⁽²⁾, and population assessments were carried out in 1999 and 2001 ⁽⁵⁾. A breeding and research programme was also established at the Zoological Society of London’s Invertebrate Conservation Unit in 1996, with the hope that the information gained would better inform conservation management in the wild ^{(3) (6)}. The initial captive population has now expanded to a full European Breeding Programme and involves institutions in the UK, Netherlands, Poland and Latvia ⁽³⁾. One potential conservation measure is the translocation of the beetle to other islands near Frégate, either from wild or captive stock ⁽⁴⁾. In addition, the DNA of this rare species has been entered and preserved in the ‘Frozen Ark’ ⁽³⁾.

View information on this species at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Find out more

For more information on the Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle see:

• Macdonald, C. (2004) Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research. The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland, London. Available at:
  www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP6.pdf

Authentication

Authenticated (09/12/2006) by Justin Gerlach, Scientific Co-ordinator, The Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles.
http://islandbiodiversity.com

Glossary

Abdomen

In arthropods (crustaceans, insects and arachnids) the abdomen is the hind region of the body, which is usually segmented to a degree (but not visibly in most spiders). In insects the limbs are attached to the thorax (the part of the body nearest to the head) and not the abdomen.

Arboreal

Living in trees.

Nocturnal

Active at night.

Tubercles

Small rounded projections or outgrowths, such as a knoblike process in the skin or on a bone.

References

1. IUCN Red List (June, 2008)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org
2. Macdonald, C. (2004) Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research. The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland, London. Available at:
   http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP6.pdf
3. The Frozen Ark: Saving the DNA of endangered species (October, 2006)
   http://www.frozenark.org/in.html
4. Nature Seychelles (October, 2006)
   http://www.natureseychelles.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=28&Itemid=71
5. Gerlach, J. (2006) Pers. comm.
6. Zoological Society of London (October, 2006)
   http://www.zsl.org/field-conservation/island-ecosystems/