Bitter aloe (Aloe ferox)

Description

What’s the World’s Favourite Species?

Bitter aloe fact file

• Description
• Biology
• Range
• Habitat
• Status
• Threats
• Conservation
• Find out more
• Glossary
• References
• Print factsheet

Bitter aloe description

The bitter aloe is most famous for its medicinal qualities ⁽⁴⁾, provided by the golden-brown sap of the leaves ⁽⁵⁾. The long, tapering leaves are green, sometimes with a slightly blue or reddish tinge ⁽⁴⁾, and bear sharp, brown teeth on the margins, and sometimes also on the surface of the leaf. Indeed, the scientific name of this species alludes to the prickly leaves, as ferox means ‘fierce’ in Latin ⁽⁵⁾. The leaves are arranged in a rosette, and as the leaves age and die, they remain attached to the plant, forming a ‘petticoat’ of dried leaves around the base of the stem ⁽⁴⁾. The flowers of the bitter aloe vary in colour from red to orange and yellow, and occasionally white ⁽⁶⁾, and are borne on spike-like heads ⁽⁴⁾.

Size

Length: up to 3 m ⁽²⁾

Bitter aloe biology

The striking flowers of the bitter aloe are seen from May to June in coastal areas and from July until November in inland regions ⁽⁶⁾. Both birds and honey-bees play a role in the pollination of the bitter aloe. The orange-reddish flowers attract birds that alight on the flowers or a nearby branch, and probe individual flowers for nectar. In doing so, they cover their head, throat and breast with pollen, before moving to another cluster of flowers or a new plant. While nectar is the chief reward for birds, bees are rewarded by pollen, which they remove from the anthers. By visiting the plant, many birds and bees carry out an essential service for the bitter aloe, but not all visitors are beneficial; the streakyheaded canary (Seriunus gularis) is a destructive forager that stands on top of the flower cluster while it removes flowers in search of nectar ⁽⁷⁾.

Bitter aloe range

Occurs in South Africa, ranging from the southern Western Cape, east to southern KwaZulu-Natal, and north into Lesotho and the Free State ⁽⁶⁾.

Bitter aloe habitat

The bitter aloe inhabits rocky, stony slopes and flats ^{(2) (5)}.

Bitter aloe status

Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the Interim Red Data List of South African Plant Taxa ⁽³⁾, and listed on Appendix II of CITES ⁽¹⁾.

Bitter aloe threats

While the bitter aloe is not globally threatened with extinction, this species has become extinct in several localities in Lesotho, where harvesting and urban expansion continue to pose a threat to remaining populations ⁽⁸⁾. The bitter aloe is an important medicinal plant that has been harvested for over 200 years ^{(4) (5)}, with the bitter yellow sap from the leaves used to produce ointments to heal burns and sunburn ⁽⁶⁾, and to make a purgative drug known as Cape Aloe ⁽⁵⁾. The leaves used for this purpose are usually harvested in small, sustainable quantities ⁽⁸⁾.

Bitter aloe conservation

The bitter aloe is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), so that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with the species’ survival ⁽¹⁾. The bitter aloe also occurs in a number of protected areas, including those within the Cape Floral Kingdom, an area of incredible plant diversity in south-western South Africa ⁽⁹⁾.

Find out more

For further information on conservation in the Cape Floral Kingdom see:

• Wild Cape Nature Trust:
  www.wildcape.org

Authentication

Glossary

Anthers

The part of the stamens (the male reproductive organs of a flower) that produce pollen.

Cape Floral Kingdom

An area occupying about 90,000 square kilometres in South Africa that contains an incredibly high diversity of plant species (around 8,700 species), of which 68 percent are found no where else.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the stamen (male part of a flower) to the stigma (female part of a flower) of a flowering plant. This usually leads to fertilisation, the development of seeds and, eventually, a new plant.

References

1. CITES (February, 2008)
   http://www.cites.org
2. Goldblatt, P. and Manning, J. (2000) Cape Plants: A Conspectus of the Cape Flora of South Africa. National Botanical Institute of South Africa, Pretoria .
3. Threatened Species Programme. (2007) Interim Red Data List of South African Plant Taxa. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. Available at:
   http://www.sanbi.org/biodiversity/reddata.htm
4. Park, Y.I. and Lee, S.K. (2006) New Perspectives on Aloe. Springer Verlag, New York, USA.
5. Paterson-Jones, C. and Manning, J. (2007) Ecoguide: Fynbos. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa.
6. Court, D. (2000) Succulent Flora of Southern Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
7. Hoffman, M.T. (1988) The pollination ecology of Aloe ferox Mill. South African Journal of Botany, 54(4): 345 - 350.
8. Golding, J.S. (2002) Southern African Plant Red Data Lists. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 14. SABONET, Pretoria.
9. UNEP-WCMC: Cape Floral Protected Areas of South Africa (February, 2008)
   http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/CAPE%20FLORAL%20REGION.pdf