Beech  (Fagus sylvatica)

Pollarded: the process of 'beheading' a tree at around 2 m above the ground. This creates many small poles that can be used in many ways, including fencing. The regrowth occurs out of the reach of deer and other browsers.

1. National Biodiversity Network Species Dictionary (Feb 2003):
   http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nbn
   
2. Humphries. C.J., Press, J.R. & Sutton, D.A. (2000) Hamlyn guide to trees of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn, London.
   
3. Press, B. (1996) Collins Wild Guide: Trees. Harper Collins Publishers, London.
   
4. Mabey, R. (1996) Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson, London
   
5. British Trees beech (Feb 2003):
   http://www.british-trees.com/guide/beech.htm
   
6. Godet, J. (1986) Collins photographic guide to the trees of Britain and northern Europe- a guide to identification by leaves and needles. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, London.
   
7. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
   http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/networks/euforgen/Networks/viewreport.asp?Network=&onlyCountry=&freetext=Fagus%20sylvatica&genusspecies=&btnSubmit1=Submit